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Megafauna Extinction & De-Extinction
Dinosaurs & Paleontology
Evaluate the debate over what drove Pleistocene megafauna to extinction — human overkill, climate change, or a combination — using evidence from fossil records, ancient DNA, and archaeological sites; connect to the present-day sixth mass extinction and consider the ethics and feasibility of de-extinction using ancient DNA
Motors & the Motor Effect
Forces & Motion
Explain the motor effect as the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field, and describe how this principle is used in electric motors and loudspeakers
Net Zero & Energy Transition
Weather & Climate
Evaluate the energy transition required to reach net zero: renewable energy scaling, electrification of transport and heat, green hydrogen; describe carbon capture and storage (CCS) and direct air capture (DAC); introduce proposed solar radiation management techniques (stratospheric aerosol injection, marine cloud brightening) and their potential risks and governance challenges; critically evaluate the role of individual behaviour change versus systemic policy in reducing emissions
Predicting Inherited Traits
Ecosystems & Habitats
Explain how alleles are inherited in sexual reproduction and use Punnett squares to predict the probability of offspring inheriting a characteristic, including dominant and recessive alleles
Volcanoes & Mass Extinctions
Volcanoes & Earthquakes
Explain how large igneous provinces (LIPs) — massive outpourings of lava over millions of years — caused global warming and ocean acidification that drove mass extinctions; connect the Siberian Traps to the end-Permian extinction and the Deccan Traps to the end-Cretaceous event; explore how hydrothermal vents on the early Earth may have been the cradle of life; understand volcanoes as both destroyers and creators in the history of life
Writing Science Reports
Scientific Inquiry
Communicate scientific findings in a structured report using appropriate scientific vocabulary, SI units, and standard notation; describe how peer review and replication contribute to the reliability of scientific knowledge